Conversion Between Accelerated Aging of Xenon Lamp Aging Test Chamber And Outdoor Aging 

Generally speaking, it is difficult to have a detailed positioning and conversion formula for the conversion between accelerated aging of xenon lamp aging test chamber and outdoor aging. The biggest problem is the variability and complexity of the outdoor environment. The variables that determine the relationship between xenon lamp aging test chamber exposure and outdoor exposure include:

1. Geographical latitude of outdoor aging exposure sites (closer to the equator means more UV).

2. Altitude (Higher altitude means more UV).

3. Local geographical characteristics, such as the wind can dry the test sample or close to water will produce condensation.

4. Random changes in climate from year to year can lead to a 2:1 change in aging at the same location.

5. Seasonal changes (e.g., winter exposure may be 1/7 of summer exposure).

6. Direction of the sample (5° south vs. vertical facing north)

7. Sample insulation (outdoor samples with insulated backing age 50% faster than uninsulated samples).

8. Working cycle of xenon lamp aging box (light time and wet time).

9. The working temperature of the test chamber (the higher the temperature, the faster the aging).

10. Test the uniqueness of the sample.

11. Spectral Intensity Distribution (SPD) of laboratory light sources

Objectively speaking, accelerated aging and outdoor aging have no convertibility, one is a variable, one is a fixed value, the only thing to do is to obtain a relative value, rather than an absolute value. Of course, it is not to say that relative values have no effect; on the contrary, relative values can also be very effective. For example, you will find that a slight change in design may double the durability of standard materials. Or you may find the same looking material from multiple suppliers, some of which age quickly, most of which take a moderate amount of time to age, and a smaller amount that ages after longer exposure. Or you may find that less expensive designs have the same durability against standard materials that have satisfactory performance over actual service life, such as 5 years.

Drug Stability Test

The effectiveness and safety of drugs have attracted much attention, and it is also a livelihood issue that the country and the government attach great importance to. The stability of drugs will affect the efficacy and safety. In order to ensure the quality of drugs and storage containers, stability tests should be performed to determine their effective time and storage state. Stability test mainly studies whether the quality of drugs is affected by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and light, and whether it changes with time and the correlation between them, and studies the degradation curve of drugs, according to which the effective period is presumed to ensure the effectiveness and safety of drugs when used. This article collects the standard information and test methods required for various stability tests for customers' reference.

First, drug stability test criteria

Storage conditions of drugs:

Note 1: If the long-term test condition has been set at 30℃±2℃/65% ±5%RH, there is no middle test; if the long-term storage condition is 25℃±2℃/ 60% ±5%RH, and there is a significant change in the accelerated test, then middle test should be added. And should be assessed against the criteria of "significant change".

Note 2: Sealed impervious containers such as glass ampoules can be exempted from humidity conditions. Unless otherwise determined, all tests shall be carried out in accordance with the stability test plan in the interim test.

The accelerated test data should be available for six months. The minimum duration of the stability test is 12 months for the middle test and the long-term test.

Store in refrigerator:

Stored in freezer:

If the product containing water or solvents that may be subject to solvent loss is packaged in a semi-permeable container, the stability assessment should be conducted under low relative humidity for a long period of time, or an middle test of 12 months, and an accelerated test of 6 months, in order to prove that the drug placed in the semi-permeable container can withstand the low relative humidity environment.

Containing water or solvents

The calculation of the relative water loss rate at a constant temperature of 40℃ is as follows:

Second, Drug stability solutions

Common drug stability test criteria

(Source: Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare)

(1) Wide temperature range test

(2) Test equipment

1. Constant temperature and humidity test chamber

2. Drug stability test chamber

Electric Vehicle Component Reliability Test Solution

In the trend of global warming and gradual consumption of resources, automotive gasoline is also sharply reduced, electric vehicles are driven by electric energy, reducing the heat of internal combustion engine, carbon dioxide and exhaust gas emissions, for energy saving and carbon reduction and improve the greenhouse effect plays a huge role, electric vehicles are the future trend of road transportation; In recent years, the world's advanced countries actively develop electric vehicles, for thousands of components composed of complex products, its reliability is particularly important, a variety of harsh environments are testing the electronic system of electric vehicles [battery cell, battery system, battery module, electric vehicle motor, electric vehicle controller, battery module and charger...], Hongzhan Technology for you to sort out electric vehicle related parts reliability test solutions, hope to be able to provide customers with reference.

First, different environmental conditions will have different effects on parts and cause them to fail, so the parts of the car need to be tested according to the relevant specifications to meet international requirements and meet the foreign market, the following is the correlation between different environmental conditions and product failure:

A. High temperature will make the product aging, gasification, cracking, softening, melting, expansion and evaporation, resulting in poor insulation, mechanical failure, mechanical stress increase; Low temperature will make the product embrittlement, icing, shrinkage and solidification, mechanical strength reduction, resulting in poor insulation, cracking mechanical failure, sealing failure;

B. High relative humidity will make the product poor insulation, cracking mechanical failure, sealing failure and resulting in poor insulation; Low relative humidity will dehydrate, embrittlement, reduce mechanical strength and lead to cracking and mechanical failure;

C. Low air pressure will cause product expansion, electrical insulation deterioration of the air to produce corona and ozone, low cooling effect and lead to mechanical failure, sealing failure, overheating;

D. Corrosive air will cause product corrosion, electrolysis, surface degradation, increased conductivity, increased contact resistance, resulting in increased wear electrical failure, mechanical failure;

E. Rapid temperature changes will cause local overheating of the product, resulting in cracking deformation and mechanical failure;

F. Accelerated vibration damage or impact will cause the mechanical stress fatigue resonance of the product and lead to an increase in structural damage.

Therefore, products need to pass the following climatic tests to test the reliability of components: Dust (dust) test, high temperature test, temperature and humidity storage test, salt/dry/warm recovery test, temperature and humidity cycle test, immersion/seepage test, salt spray test, low temperature test, thermal shock test, hot air aging test, weather and light resistance test, gas corrosion test, fire resistance test, mud and water test, dew condensation test, high variable temperature cycle test, Rain (waterproof) test, etc.

The following are the test conditions for automotive electronics:

A. IC and interior lights for locomotives,

Recommended model: vibration of the comprehensive chamber

B. Instrument panel, motor controller, Bluetooth headset, tire pressure sensor, GPS satellite positioning system, instrument backlight, interior light, exterior light, automotive lithium battery, pressure sensor, motor and controller, automotive DVR, cable, synthetic resin

Recommended model: constant temperature and humidity test chamber

C. 8.4 "LCD screen for cars

Recommended model: thermal stress recombination machine

Second, automotive electronic parts are divided into three categories, including IC, discrete semiconductor, passive components three categories, in order to ensure that these automotive electronic components meet the highest standards of automotive safety. The Automotive Electronics Council(AEC) is a set of standards AEC-Q100 designed for active parts (microcontrollers and integrated circuits...)and AEC-Q200 designed for passive components, which specifies the product quality and reliability that must be achieved for passive parts. AEC-Q100 is the vehicle reliability test standard formulated by the AEC organization, which is an important entry for 3C and IC manufacturers into the international auto factory module, and also an important technology to improve the reliability quality of Taiwan IC. In addition, the international auto factory has passed the safety standard (ISO-26262). AEC-Q100 is the basic requirement to pass this standard.

1. List of automotive electronic parts for A.EC-Q100: Automotive disposable memory, Power Supply step-down regulator, Automotive photocoupler, three-axis accelerometer sensor, video jiema device, rectifier, ambient light sensor, non-volatile ferroelectric memory, power management IC, embedded flash memory, DC/DC regulator, Vehicle gauge network communication device, LCD driver IC, Single power Supply differential Amplifier, Capacitive proximity switch Off, high brightness LED driver, Asynchronous switcher, 600V IC, GPS IC, ADAS Driver Assistance System Chip, GNSS Receiver, GNSS front-end amplifier... 

B. Temperature and humidity test conditions: temperature cycle, power temperature cycle, high temperature storage life, high temperature working life, early life failure rate;

2. List of automotive electronic parts for A.AC-Q200: automotive grade electronic components (compliant with AEC-Q200), commercial electronic components, power transmission components, control components, comfort components, communication components, audio components.

B. Test conditions: high temperature storage, high temperature working life, temperature cycle, temperature shock, humidity resistance.

ESS Environmental Stress Screening Test Chamber

The full horizontal air supply system from right to left with large air volume is adopted, so that all specimen cars and specimens on the test are charged and divided, and the heat exchange is completed evenly and quickly.

◆ The utilization rate of test space is as high as 90%

◆ The special design of "uniform horizontal air flow system" of ESS equipment is the patent of Ring measurement.

Patent number: 6272767

◆ Equipped with air volume regulation system

◆ Unique turbine circulator (air volume can reach 3000~ 8000CFM)

◆ Floor type structure, convenient loading and unloading of tested products

◆ According to the special structure of the tested product, the box suitable for installation is used

◆ The control system and refrigeration system can be separated from the box, which is easy to plan or do noise reduction in the laboratory

◆ Adopt cold balance temperature control, more energy saving

◆ Equipment adopts the world's top brand Sporlan refrigeration valve with high reliability and long life

◆ The refrigeration system of the equipment adopts thickened copper pipe

◆ All the strong electric parts are made of high temperature resistant wires, which has higher safety

Heat Pipe Reliability Test

Heat pipe technology is a heat transfer element called "heat pipe" invented by G.M. rover of Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1963, which makes full use of the principle of heat conduction and the rapid heat transfer properties of the refrigeration medium, and transfers the heat of the heating object quickly to the heat source through the heat pipe. Its thermal conductivity exceeds that of any known metal. Heat pipe technology has been widely used in aerospace, military and other industries, since it has been introduced into the radiator manufacturing industry, making people change the design idea of the traditional radiator, and get rid of the single heat dissipation mode that simply relies on high air volume motor to obtain better heat dissipation effect. The use of heat pipe technology makes the radiator even if the use of low speed, low air volume motor, can also get satisfactory results, so that the noise problem plagued by air cooling heat has been well solved, opening up a new world in the heat dissipation industry.

Heat pipe reliability test conditions:

High temperature stress screening test: 150℃/24 hours

Temperature cycling test:

120℃(10min)←→-30℃(10min), Ramp: 0.5℃, 10cycles 125℃(60min)←→-40℃(60min), Ramp: 2.75℃, 10cycles

Thermal shock test:

120℃(2min)←→-30℃(2min), 250 cycles

125℃(5min)←→-40℃(5min), 250 cycles

100℃(5min)←→-50℃(5min), 2000 cycles(check once after 200 cycles)

High temperature and high humidity test:

85℃/85%R.H./1000 hours

Accelerated aging test:

110℃/85%RH/264h

Other heat pipe test items:

Salt spray test, strength (blasting) test, leakage rate test, vibration test, random vibration test, mechanical shock test, helium combustion test, performance test, wind tunnel test

How Long Is the Xenon Lamp Weathering Test Chamber Equivalent to a Year of Outdoor Exposure?

How long is the xenon lamp weathering test chamber equivalent to a year of outdoor exposure? How to test out its durability? This is a technical problem, but also a lot of users are concerned about the problem. Today's engineers of Lab Companion are going to explain this problem.

This problem looks very simple, in fact, it is a complex problem.We can not just get a simple number, let this number and the test time of the xenon lamp weathering test chamber to multiply, so as to get the outdoor exposure time, nor is the quality of our xenon lamp weathering test chamber not good enough! No matter how good the quality of the xenon lamp weathering test chamber is, how advanced it is, it is still impossible to find only a number to solve the problem. The most important thing is that the outdoor exposure environment is complex and changeable, affected by many factors, what are the specific?

1. The influence of geographical latitude

2. The influence of altitude

3. The influence of geographical environment when testing, such as wind speed.

4. The impact of the season, winter and summer will be different, summer exposure is 7 times the damage of winter exposure.

5. Direction of the test sample

6. Is the sample insulated or uninsulated? Samples placed on insulators will generally age much faster than those not placed on insulators.

7. Test cycle of xenon lamp weathering test chamber

8. Xenon lamp weathering test chamber operating temperature, the higher the temperature, the faster the aging

9. Testing of special materials

10. Spectrum distribution in the laboratory

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Environmental Simulation Test Scheme

At present, the economic development model based on the consumption of non-renewable energy based on coal, oil and natural gas has led to increasingly prominent environmental pollution and greenhouse effect. In order to achieve sustainable development of human beings, a harmonious relationship between man and nature has been established. The development of sustainable green energy has become a subject of great concern in the world.

As a clean energy that can store waste energy and promote the transformation from traditional fossil energy to green energy, hydrogen energy has an energy density (140MJ/kg) that is 3 times that of oil and 4.5 times that of coal, and is regarded as a subversive technological direction of the future energy revolution. Hydrogen fuel cell is the key carrier to realize the conversion of hydrogen energy into electric energy utilization. After the goal of carbon neutrality and carbon peak "double carbon" was proposed, it has gained new attention in basic research and industrial application.

Hydrogen fuel cell environmental test chamber of Lab Companion meets: fuel cell stack and module: 1W~8KW, fuel cell engine :30KW~150KW Low temperature cold start test: -40~0℃ Low temperature storage test: -40~0℃ High temperature storage test: 0~100℃.

Introduction of hydrogen fuel cell environmental test chamber

The product adopts functional modular design, explosion-proof and anti-static, and meets the relevant test standards. The product has the characteristics of high reliability and comprehensive safety warning, which is suitable for the test of the reactor and fuel cell engine system. Applicable power up to 150KW fuel cell system, low temperature test (storage, starting, performance), high temperature test (storage, starting, performance), wet heat test (high temperature and humidity

Safety parts:

1. Explosion-proof camera: real-time record the complete test situation in the box, easy to optimize or adjust in time.

2. Uv flame detector: high-speed, accurate and intelligent fire detector, accurate identification of flame signals.

3. Emergency air exhaust outlet: exhaust the toxic combustible gas in the box to ensure the safety of the test.

4. Gas detection and alarm system: intelligent and rapid identification of combustible gas, automatically generate alarm signals.

5. Double parallel single-pole screw mechanism cold unit: It has the characteristics of classification function, large power, small footprint and so on.

6. Gas precooling system: quickly control the gas temperature requirements to ensure cold start conditions.

7. Stack test rack: stainless steel stack test rack, equipped with water cooling auxiliary cooling system.

Fuel cell system test project

Reactor and module test items

Product applicable standards:

GB/T 10592-2008 High and low temperature test chamber technical conditions

GB/T 10586-2006 Humidity test chamber technical conditions

GB/T31467.3-2015

GB/T31485-2015

GB/T2423.1-2208

GB/T2423.2-2008

GB/T2423.3-2006

GB/T2523.4-2008

Lab Ovens and Lab Furnaces

Design with sample protection as the primary goal

Lab ovens are an indispensable utility for your daily workflow, from simple glassware drying to very complex temperature-controlled heating applications. Our portfolio of heating and drying ovens provides temperature stability and reproducibility for all your application needs. LABCOMPANION heating and drying ovens are designed with sample protection as a primary goal, contributing to superior efficiency, safety and ease of use.

Understand natural and mechanical convection

Principle of natural convection:

In a natural convection oven, hot air flows from bottom to bottom, so that the temperature is evenly distributed (see figure above). No fan actively blows the air inside the box. The advantage of this technology is ultra-low air turbulence, which allows for mild drying and heating.

Principle of mechanical convection:

In a mechanical convection (forced air drive) oven, an integrated fan actively drives the air inside the oven to achieve uniform temperature distribution throughout the chamber (see figure above). A major advantage is excellent temperature uniformity, which enables reproducible results in applications such as material testing, as well as for drying solutions with very demanding temperature requirements. Another advantage is that the drying rate is much faster than natural convection. After opening the door, the temperature in the mechanical convection oven will be restored to the set temperature level more quickly.

LED Traffic Light Test

Light-emitting Diode, referred to as LED, is the abbreviation of the English name Light Emitting Diode, through the combination of electrons and holes to release energy light, can efficiently convert electrical energy into light energy, has a wide range of uses in modern society, such as lighting, flat panel display and medical devices. With the continuous progress of technology, this electronic component from the early can only emit low-light red light to develop other monochromatic light, has been widely used in visible light, infrared and ultraviolet light, is widely used in indicators and display boards, and then extended to traffic lights. It is known as a new light source in the 21st century, with high efficiency, long life, material is not easily affected by the environment and relatively stable, with the advantages of traditional light sources can not be comparable.

The traffic on the zebra crossing is heavy every day, as the guide of the traffic rules - the traffic light is also working hard every day, because it is placed outdoors all year round, so it must accept the strict reliability test before it can work. The test conditions include: Voltage electric, failure protection, electromagnetic noise, dust and waterproof, high temperature test, vibration test, salt spray test, insulation voltage, insulation resistance test... 

Note: Before other tests, LED traffic lights need to undergo dry heat tests before other tests can be carried out.

Lamp surface test: dry heat test: 60℃/24 hours/applied voltage

Failure judgment: no deformation, loosening, falling off

Temperature resistance test: 70℃(16 hours)→-15℃(16 hours)→R.T., RAMP:≦1℃/min, 2cycle, power supply

Temperature and humidity test: 40℃→RAMP:≦1℃/min→40℃/95%(24 hours), power on

Continuous switching action: 40℃/60~80%, ON(1sec)←→OFF(1sec), 10000 times

Voltage electric: 80 ~ 135V(AC), 170 ~ 270V(AC)

Failure judgment: Light intensity drift ≦20%(110V, 220V light intensity as the benchmark)

Waterproof and dustproof meet IP54 class requirements

Insulation resistance test:

Insulation resistance: 500V

Failure determination: not less than 2MΩ

Insulation withstand voltage test: 1000V/60Hz/1min(after insulation resistance test)

Light chamber test:

High temperature test: 130℃/1 hour

Failure judgment: no deformation, loosening, falling off, cracking... Etc.

Vibration test: XYZ three-way, each 12min for 36min, 10 ~ 35 ~ 10Hz sine wave, each cycle for 3min, total vibration of 2mm

Failure judgment: no deformation, loosening, falling off, cracking, and the LED light surface can be normally lit and operated

Wind tunnel test: Wind speed 16 (51.5-56.4m /s), forward (0 degrees) and side (45 degrees), each blowing for 2 hours

Failure judgment: no deformation, loosening, falling off, cracking

Salt spray test: 96 hours

Failure determination: less than 8 embroider points on the area of 10,000mm^2, LED signal light surface insulation resistance >2MΩ, voltage 1000V/1min, no abnormality

Recommended model 1: high temperature and high humidity test chamber

High temperature and high humidity test chamber is suitable for electrical, electronic, instruments and other products, parts and materials in high and low temperature alternating wet and hot environment storage, transportation, use adaptability test; It is a reliability test equipment for all kinds of electronic, electrical, electrical, plastic and other raw materials and devices to carry out cold resistance, heat resistance, wet resistance, dry resistance test and quality control engineering; Especially suitable for fiber, LCD, crystal, inductance, PCB, battery, computer, mobile phone and other products of high temperature resistance, low temperature resistance, moisture resistance cycle test.

Recommended model 2: vibration of the comprehensive chamber

Vibration of the comprehensive chamber combined with temperature, humidity, vibration function in one, suitable for aerospace products, information electronic instruments, materials, electrical, electronic products, all kinds of electronic components in a comprehensive harsh environment to test their performance indicators. Vibration of the comprehensive chamber mainly for aerospace, aviation, petroleum, chemical, electronics, communications and other scientific research and production units to provide temperature and humidity change environment, at the same time in the test chamber will be electric vibration stress according to the specified period of the test on the test, for the user of the whole machine (or components), electrical appliances, instruments, materials for temperature and humidity, vibration comprehensive stress screening test. In order to assess the adaptability of the test product or to evaluate the behavior of the test product. Compared with the effect of a single factor, it can more truly reflect the adaptability of electrical and electronic products to temperature, humidity and vibration complex environment changes in transportation and actual use, and expose product defects, which is an essential and important test means for the whole process of new product development, prototype test and product qualification test.

Recommended model 3: salt spray test chamber

The salt spray test chamber is suitable for all kinds of communication electronic products, electronic appliances, hardware parts to do neutral salt spray test (NSS) and corrosion test (AASS, CASS), omplied with CNS, ASTM, JIS, ISO and other standards. The salt spray test is to test the corrosion resistance of the products on the surface of various materials after anti-corrosion treatment such as coating, electroplating, anodic treatment and anti-rust oil.

Recommended model 4: waterproof and dustproof test chamber

Waterproof and dustproof test chamber is suitable for outdoor terminals such as metering automation terminals and distribution network automation terminals to carry out rain and dust tests to ensure that the tested products can withstand the impact of harsh environmental changes, so that the products can operate safely and reliably, and are suitable for external lighting and signal devices and automotive lamp shell protection. It can provide realistic simulation of various environments such as water, spray and dust tests that electronic products and their components may be subjected to during transportation and use. In order to detect the waterproof and dustproof performance of various products.

Multi-touch Panel Testing

When the human body is close to the touchpad, the capacitance value between the sensing pad and the ground will change (general pf level). Capacitive touch pad (also known as: Surface capacitive) is through the use of the sensor detected by the change of capacitance value by calculating microprocessor, filtering interference and finally determining whether there is a human body close to achieve the key function. Compared with the traditional mechanical keys, the advantage is that there is no mechanical damage, and non-metals such as glass, acrylic, plastic can be used as the operating panel isolation, making the appearance of the product more atmospheric. In contrast, it can also realize the sliding operation that is difficult to achieve with traditional mechanical keys, so that the human-machine interface is more in line with the intuitive operation of people.

The outermost layer of the capacitive touch panel is a thin silicon dioxide hardening processing layer, and its hardness reaches 7; The second layer is ITO(conductive coating), through the conductive layer on the front of the average distribution of low-voltage conduction current, to establish a uniform electric field on the glass surface, when the finger touches the surface of the touch panel, it will absorb a small amount of current from the contact point, resulting in a voltage drop of the corner electrode, the use of sensing the weak current of the human body to achieve the purpose of touch; The function of the bottom layer of ITO is to shield electromagnetic waves, so that the touch panel can work in a good environment without interference. While the projective capacitive, which is the touch mode used by the famous Apple iPhone and Windows 7, has the feature of supporting multi-touch, which can shorten the user's learning time, just use the finger belly touch panel to avoid the use of stylus, and has higher light transmission and more power saving, more scratch resistance than resistive type (hardness up to 7H or more), greatly increase the service life without correction...

Touch technology can be divided into four kinds according to the principle of sensing, including resistive, capacitive, surface acoustic wave and optics. And capacitive can also be divided into surface capacitive and projected capacitive two kinds.

Touch technology applications:

Industrial applications (automatic processing machines, measuring instruments, centralized monitoring and control)

Commercial applications (ticketing systems, POS, ATMs, vending machines, stored value machines)

Life applications (cell phones, satellite positioning GPS, UMPC, small laptop)

Education and entertainment (e-books, portable game consoles, jukeboxes, electronic dictionaries)

Comparison of touch panel light transmission rate: resistive (85%), capacitive (93%)

Multi-touch panel test conditions:

Operating temperature range: -20℃～70℃/20%～85%RH

Storage temperature range: -50℃～85℃/10%～90%RH

High temperature test: 70℃/240, 500 hours, 80℃/240, 1000 hours, 85℃/1000 hours, 100℃/240 hours

Low temperature test: -20℃/240 hours, -40℃/240, 500 hours, -40℃/1000 hours

High temperature and high humidity test: 60℃/90%RH/240hours, 60℃/95%RH/1000hours 70℃/80%RH/500hours, 70℃/90%RH/240,500,1000hours, 70℃/95%RH/500hours 85℃/85%RH/1000hours, 85℃/90%RH/1000hours

Boiling test: 100℃/100%RH/100 minutes

Temperature shock - high and low temperature: (Temperature shock test is not equivalent to temperature cycling test )

-30℃←→80℃, 500cycles

-40℃(30min)←→70(30min)℃, 10cycles

-40℃←→70℃, 50, 100cycles

-40℃(30min)←→110℃(30min), 100cycles

-40℃(30min)←→80℃(30min), 10, 100cycles

-40℃(30min)←→90℃(30min), 100cycles

Thermal Shock Test - Liquid Type: -40℃←→90℃, 2cycles

Cold and thermal shock test-over room temperature: -30℃(30min)→R.T. (5min)→80℃(30min), 20cycles

Service life: 1,000,000 times, 2,000,000 times, 35,000,000 times, 225,000,000 times, 300,000,000 times

Hardness test: greater than hardness level 7 (ASTM D 3363, JIS 5400)

Impact Test: With more than 5kg of force, strike the panel on the most vulnerable area and the center of the panel respectively.

Pin(Tail) Pulling Test: 5 or 10kg downward pulling.

Pin Folding Test：135¢angle, left and right back and forth for 10 times.

Impact resistance test: 11φ/5.5g copper ball dropped at 1.8m height on the center surface of 1m object, 3ψ/9g stainless steel ball dropped at 30cm height.

Writing durability: 100,000 characters or more (width R0.8mm, pressure 250g)

Touch durability: 1,000,000, 10,000,000, 160,000,000, 200,000,000 times or more (width R8 mm, hardness 60°, pressure 250g, 2 times per second)

Test equipment: